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Pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and personal care products containing aqueous components are susceptible to microbial contamination—especially during manufacturing and consumer use. To ensure product safety and stability over time, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) <51> Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing (AET) remains one of the most widely accepted standardized methods for evaluating preservative performance. However, many testing providers offer…

Despite centuries of medical insight and advancement, predicting how a patient will heal after surgery remains challenging. Factors such as age, lifestyle, genetics, comorbidities, and unforeseen complications all influence the healing process. Some patients recover quickly with minimal scarring, while others experience delayed healing, excessive inflammation, or complications like infection and fibrosis. A deeper understanding…

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug development is rapidly evolving, driven by growing demand for precision therapies and a regulatory push toward non-animal testing methods. In this dynamic environment, Human Skin Equivalent (HSE) models are emerging as a powerful preclinical tool, especially for mAbs targeting dermatologic conditions or systemic diseases with skin involvement. As the FDA moves to phase out…

The human body is remarkably adept at repairing itself, both from injuries and infections, and inflammation is an essential part of that process. Activating and controlling the immune response involves many signaling molecules, particularly pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory growth factors. Gaining a better understanding of cytokines and growth factors is essential to developing targeted therapies,…